Can a Baby Fly Live Inside a Humans Insides

Infestation of parasitic maggots

Medical condition

Myiasis
Other names	Flystrike, blowfly strike, wing-diddled
Cutaneous myiasis in the shoulder of a human being
Pronunciation	or
Specialty	Communicable diseases

Myiasis is the parasitic infestation of the trunk of a live animal by fly larvae (maggots) which grow inside the host while feeding on its tissue. Although flies are most commonly attracted to open wounds and urine- or carrion-soaked fur, some species (including the most mutual myiatic flies—the botfly, blowfly, and screwfly) tin can create an infestation even on unbroken skin and have been known to utilize moist soil and not-myiatic flies (such equally the common housefly) every bit vector agents for their parasitic larvae.

Because some animals (particularly non-native domestic animals) cannot react as effectively equally humans to the causes and effects of myiasis, such infestations nowadays a severe and continuing problem for livestock industries worldwide, causing astringent economical losses where they are not mitigated by human being action.^[1] Although typically a far greater upshot for animals, myiasis is also a relatively frequent affliction of humans in rural tropical regions where myiatic flies thrive, and frequently may require medical attention to surgically remove the parasites.^[two]

Myiasis varies widely in the forms it takes and its effects on the victims. Such variations depend largely on the fly species and where the larvae are located. Some flies lay eggs in open up wounds, other larvae may invade unbroken skin or enter the torso through the nose or ears, and even so others may be swallowed if the eggs are deposited on the lips or on food.^[2] There tin can also be adventitious myiasis which Due east. tenax tin can cause in humans via water containing the larvae or in contaminated uncooked food. The name of the status derives from aboriginal Greek μυῖα (myia), meaning "wing".^[three]

Signs and symptoms [edit]

How myiasis affects the human torso depends on where the larvae are located. Larvae may infect dead, necrotic (prematurely dying) or living tissue in various sites: the skin, optics, ears, stomach and intestinal tract, or in genitourinary sites.^[four] They may invade open wounds and lesions or unbroken skin. Some enter the body through the olfactory organ or ears. Larvae or eggs can achieve the stomach or intestines if they are swallowed with food and cause gastric or intestinal myiasis.^[2]

Several different presentations of myiasis and their symptoms:^[2]

Syndrome	Symptoms
Cutaneous myiasis	Painful, slow-developing ulcers or furuncle- (boil-) like sores that can last for a prolonged flow
Nasal myiasis	Obstruction of nasal passages and astringent irritation. In some cases facial edema and fever tin can develop. Death is not uncommon.
Aural myiasis	Itch sensations and buzzing noises. Smelly discharge is sometimes nowadays. If located in the middle ear, larvae may become to the brain.
Ophthalmomyiasis	Severe irritation, edema, and pain. Adequately mutual.

Wound [edit]

Wound myiasis occurs when fly larvae infest open wounds. It has been a serious complication of state of war wounds in tropical areas, and is sometimes seen in neglected wounds in most parts of the globe. Predisposing factors include poor socioeconomic weather, extremes of age, neglect, mental disability, psychiatric illness, alcoholism, diabetes, and vascular occlusive disease.^{[5] [6] [vii] [8] [ix]}

Middle [edit]

Myiasis of the human center or ophthalmomyiasis can exist caused past Hypoderma tarandi, a parasitic botfly of caribou. It is known to lead to uveitis, glaucoma, and retinal disengagement.^[10] Man ophthalmomyiasis, both external and internal, has been caused by the larvae of the botfly.^[10]

Cause [edit]

Life wheel [edit]

The life cycle in sheep is typical of the disease. The female flies lay their eggs on the sheep in clammy, protected areas of the body that are soaked with urine and feces, mainly the sheep's breech (buttocks). It takes approximately 8 hours to a twenty-four hour period for the eggs to hatch, depending on the conditions. Once hatched, the larvae so lacerate the skin with their mouthparts, causing open sores. In one case the skin has been breached, the larvae then tunnel through the sores into the host's subcutaneous tissue, causing deep and irritating lesions highly subject to infection. After about the second 24-hour interval, bacterial infection is likely and, if left untreated, causes bacterial bloodstream infections or sepsis. This leads to anorexia and weakness and is mostly fatal if untreated.^[eleven]

Human vectors [edit]

In that location are 3 main fly families causing economically of import myiasis in livestock and as well, occasionally, in humans:^{[ citation needed ]}

• Calliphoridae (blowflies)
  • Some examples include Calliphora vomitoria and Calliphora vicina
• Oestridae (botflies)
• Sarcophagidae (fleshflies) Sarcophaga barbata are usually found in dead and rotting meat and fauna excrement, which are prime environments for them. This is because their larvae are facultative parasites, as they feed on organic tissue and use the hosts' oxygen reserve.

Other families occasionally involved are:^{[ citation needed ]}

• Anisopodidae
• Piophilidae
• Stratiomyidae
• Syrphidae

Specific myiasis [edit]

Caused past flies that need a host for larval development^{[ commendation needed ]}

• Dermatobia hominis (human botfly)
• Cordylobia anthropophaga (tumbu wing)
• Rut ovis (sheep botfly)
• Hypoderma spp. (cattle botflies or ox warbles)
• Gasterophilus spp. (horse botfly)
• Cochliomyia hominivorax (new world screwworm fly)
• Chrysomya bezziana (sometime earth screwworm wing)
• Auchmeromyia senegalensis (Congo floor maggot)
• Cuterebra spp. (rodent and rabbit botfly)

Semispecific myiasis [edit]

Caused by flies that usually lay their eggs in decaying animal or vegetable matter, but that can develop in a host if open wounds or sores are nowadays^{[ commendation needed ]}

• Lucilia spp. (green-bottle fly)
• Cochliomyia spp. (screw-worm wing)
• Phormia spp. (blackness-bottle fly)
• Calliphora spp. (bluish-bottle wing)
• Sarcophaga spp. (flesh fly or sarcophagids)

Mankind flies, or sarcophagids, members of the family Sarcophagidae, can crusade abdominal myiasis in humans if the females lay their eggs on meat or fruit.^{[ citation needed ]}

Accidental myiasis [edit]

As well chosen pseudomyiasis. Acquired past flies that have no preference or demand to develop in a host but that volition do so on rare occasions. Transmission occurs through accidental deposit of eggs on oral or genitourinary openings, or by swallowing eggs or larvae that are on food.^{[ commendation needed ]} The cheese fly (Piophila casei) sometimes causes myiasis through intentional consumption of its maggots (which are contained in the traditional Sardinian delicacy casu marzu).^{[12] [13]} Other flies that tin can accidentally cause myiasis are:^{[xiv] [xv]}

• Musca domestica (housefly)
• Fannia spp. (latrine flies)
• Eristalis tenax (rat-tailed maggots)
• Muscina spp.

The adult flies are not parasitic, only when they lay their eggs in open wounds and these hatch into their larval stage (also known as maggots or grubs), the larvae feed on live or necrotic tissue, causing myiasis to develop. They may also be ingested or enter through other body apertures.^{[ citation needed ]}

Diagnosis [edit]

Myiasis is often misdiagnosed in the The states because information technology is rare and its symptoms are non specific. Abdominal myiasis and urinary myiasis are especially difficult to diagnose.^[2]

Clues that myiasis may be present include recent travel to an owned area, one or more non-healing lesions on the skin, itchiness, movement under the skin or pain, discharge from a central punctum (tiny hole), or a pocket-sized, white structure protruding from the lesion.^[sixteen] Serologic testing has also been used to diagnose the presence of botfly larvae in homo ophthalmomyiasis.^[ten]

• Ultrasound showing maggot infestation^[17]

• Ultrasound showing maggot infestation^[17]

• 

  Ultrasound showing maggot infestation^[17]

Classifications [edit]

German entomologist Fritz Zumpt describes myiasis every bit "the infestation of live human and vertebrate animals with dipterous larvae, which at least for a period, feed on the host's dead or living tissue, liquid body substances, or ingested food". For modern purposes however, this is also vague. For example, feeding on dead or necrotic tissue is not by and large a problem except when larvae such equally those of flies in the family unit Piophilidae assault stored food such as cheese or preserved meats; such activity suggests saprophagy rather than parasitism; it even may exist medically beneficial in maggot debridement therapy (MDT).^{[ commendation needed ]}

Currently myiasis commonly is classified according to aspects relevant to the case in question:

• The classical description of myiasis is co-ordinate to the part of the host that is infected. This is the classification used by ICD-10. For instance:^[eighteen]
  • dermal
  • sub-dermal
  • cutaneous (B87.0)
    • creeping, where larvae burrow through or under the peel
    • furuncular, where a larva remains in one spot, causing a boil-like lesion
  • nasopharyngeal, in the nose, sinuses or pharynx (B87.three)
  • ophthalmic or ocular, in or about the middle (B87.two)
  • auricular, in or nigh the ear
  • gastric, rectal, or intestinal/enteric for the appropriate office of the digestive organization (B87.8)
  • urogenital (B87.eight)
• Another attribute is the human relationship between the host and the parasite and provides insight into the biology of the fly species causing the myiasis and its likely issue. Thus the myiasis is described equally either:^[18]
  • obligatory, where the parasite cannot consummate its life cycle without its parasitic phase, which may exist specific, semispecific, or opportunistic
  • facultative, incidental, or accidental, where it is not essential to the life bike of the parasite; perhaps a normally free-living larva accidentally gained entrance to the host^[2]

Accidental myiasis commonly is enteric, resulting from swallowing eggs or larvae with 1's food. The effect is chosen pseudomyiasis.^[19] One traditional cause of pseudomyiasis was the eating of maggots of cheese flies in cheeses such as Stilton. Depending on the species present in the gut, pseudomyiasis may cause significant medical symptoms, but information technology is probable that well-nigh cases pass unnoticed.^{[ citation needed ]}

Prevention [edit]

The start control method is preventive and aims to eradicate the developed flies before they can cause whatsoever harm and is chosen vector control. The 2d control method is the handling in one case the infestation is present, and concerns the infected animals (including humans).^{[ citation needed ]}

The principal control method of adult populations of myiasis inducing flies involves insecticide applications in the surroundings where the target livestock is kept. Organophosphorus or organochlorine compounds may be used, commonly in a spraying formulation. I alternative prevention method is the sterile insect technique (SIT) where a meaning number of artificially reared sterilized (usually through irradiation) male flies are introduced. The male flies compete with wild breed males for females in order to copulate and thus crusade females to lay batches of unfertilized eggs which cannot develop into the larval phase.^{[ commendation needed ]}

One prevention method involves removing the surroundings most favourable to the flies, such as past removal of the tail. Some other example is the crutching of sheep, which involves the removal of wool from effectually the tail and between the rear legs, which is a favourable environment for the larvae. Another, more permanent, exercise which is used in some countries is mulesing, where pare is removed from young animals to tighten remaining skin – leaving it less decumbent to fly assault.^[xx]

To prevent myiasis in humans, at that place is a need for full general improvement of sanitation, personal hygiene, and extermination of the flies by insecticides. Dress should be washed thoroughly, preferably in hot water, dried away from flies, and ironed thoroughly. The heat of the atomic number 26 kills the eggs of myiasis-causing flies.^[16]

Treatment [edit]

This applies one time an infestation is established. In many circles the first response to cutaneous myiasis in one case the breathing hole has formed, is to encompass the air hole thickly with petroleum jelly. Lack of oxygen then forces the larva to the surface, where it can more hands be dealt with. In a clinical or veterinary setting at that place may not exist time for such tentative approaches, and the treatment of choice might be more direct, with or without an incision. First the larva must be eliminated through pressure around the lesion and the utilize of forceps. Secondly the wound must be cleaned and disinfected. Further control is necessary to avoid further reinfestation.^{[ citation needed ]}

Livestock may exist treated prophylactically with ho-hum-release boluses containing ivermectin, which can provide long-term protection against the evolution of the larvae. Sheep besides may be dipped, a process which involves drenching the animals in persistent insecticide to poison the larvae earlier they develop into a problem.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Epidemiology [edit]

The about common infected animal worldwide is the domestic sheep, for more information see wing strike in sheep. This status is caused past the blowfly (specially Lucilia sericata and its sis species L. cuprina), specially where the weather is often hot and wet.^[21] Blowfly strike accounts for over A$170 meg a year in losses in the Australian sheep manufacture, the largest such losses in the world. Given the seriousness of the run a risk, Australian sheep farmers commonly perform preventive measures such as mulesing designed to remove the most common targets for the flies. The docking of lambs' tails (some other oftentimes-soiled area that flies target) is also commonly practiced past sheep farmers worldwide. Maggots also occasionally^{[ citation needed ]} infest the vulvar area, causing the condition chosen vulvar myiasis.

Such problems are not peculiar to Australia and New Zealand; they occur worldwide, especially in countries where livestock, particularly sheep, are kept under hot, wet, conditions, including well-nigh of Africa and the Americas, ranging from the cold temperate regions in the due north, to corresponding latitudes in the south. Myiasis is also non restricted to sheep; screwworm flies (Cochliomyia hominivorax in detail) regularly cause upwards of U.s.$100 million in annual damages to domestic cows and goats,^[22] though the impact has been heavily mitigated in recent years by the sterile insect technique.^{[ citation needed ]}

History [edit]

Frederick William Hope coined the term myiasis in 1840 to refer to diseases resulting from dipterous larvae as opposed to those acquired past other insect larvae (the term for this was scholechiasis). Promise described several cases of myiasis from Jamaica caused by unknown larvae, one of which resulted in death.^[23]

Fifty-fifty though the term myiasis was get-go used in 1840, such conditions accept been known since ancient times. Ambroise Paré, the principal surgeon to King Charles Nine and King Henry III, observed that maggots often infested open wounds.^[24]

Maggot therapy [edit]

Throughout recorded history, maggots have been used therapeutically to clean out necrotic wounds, an awarding known as maggot therapy.^{[ citation needed ]}

Fly larvae that feed on dead tissue can make clean wounds and may reduce bacterial activity and the hazard of a secondary infection. They dissolve dead tissue by secreting digestive enzymes onto the wound besides as actively eating the dead tissue with oral fissure hooks, 2 hard, probing appendages protruding on either side of the "oral fissure".^[25] Maggot therapy – also known as maggot debridement therapy (MDT), larval therapy, larva therapy, or larvae therapy – is the intentional introduction by a health care practitioner of alive, disinfected green bottle fly maggots into the non-healing skin and soft tissue wounds of a human or other animal for the purpose of selectively cleaning out only the necrotic tissue within a wound in order to promote healing.^{[ citation needed ]}

Although maggot therapy has been used in the US for the past 80 years, it was approved by the FDA every bit a medical device only in 2004 (along with leeches).^[26] Maggots were the first live organism to be marketed in the US according to FDA regulations, and are approved for treating neuropathic (diabetic) foot ulcers, pressure level ulcers, venous stasis ulcers, and traumatic and post-surgical wounds that are unresponsive to conventional therapies. Maggots were used in medicine before this fourth dimension, but were not federally regulated. In 1990, California internist Ronald Sherman began treating patients with maggots produced at his lab at the UC Irvine School of Medicine.^[26] Sherman went on to co-found Monarch Labs in 2005, which UC Irvine contracted to produce maggots for Sherman'south own continuing clinical research on myiasis at the university. Monarch Labs besides sells maggots to hospitals and other medical practices, the first US commercial supplier to practise so since the concluding 1 airtight in 1935.^[27]

In the US, need for these fly larvae doubled later on the FDA ruling. Maggot therapy is at present used in more than 300 sites across the country.^[25] The American Medical Association and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services recently antiseptic the reimbursement guidelines to the wound care community for medicinal maggots, and this therapy may soon be covered past insurance.^[28] The larvae of the green canteen fly (a type of blow-wing) are now used exclusively for this purpose, since they preferentially devour merely necrotic tissue, leaving healthy tissue intact. This is an of import distinction, equally about other major varieties of myiasitic fly larvae assail both live and dead wound tissue indiscriminately, effectively negating their benefit in not-harmful wound debridement. Medicinal maggots are placed on the wound and covered with a sterile dressing of gauze and nylon mesh. Yet, likewise many larvae placed on the wound could upshot in salubrious tissue being eaten, efficiently creating a new wound, rendering it equally a type of myiasis.^[24]

History [edit]

Maggot therapy has a long history and prehistory. The indigenous people of Commonwealth of australia used maggot therapy, and and then practice the Hill Peoples of Northern Burma, and possibly the Mayans of Central America.^[2] Surgeons in Napoleon's armies recognized that wounded soldiers with myiasis were more likely to survive than those without the infestation. In the American Civil State of war, regular army surgeons treated wounds by assuasive blowfly maggots to clean away the rust-covered tissue.^{[ citation needed ]}

William Baer, an orthopedic surgeon at Johns Hopkins during the belatedly 1920s, used maggot therapy to care for a series of patients with osteomyelitis, an infection of bone or os marrow. The idea was based on an experience in World War I in which ii soldiers presented to him with cleaved femurs after having lain on the basis for seven days without food and h2o. Baer could not figure out why neither man had a fever or signs of sepsis. He observed: "On removing the clothing from the wounded function, much was my surprise to see the wound filled with thousands and thousands of maggots, plainly those of the blow fly. The sight was very disgusting and measures were taken hurriedly to wash out these abominable looking creatures." Still, he then saw that the wounds were filled with "beautiful pinkish granulation tissue" and were healing well.^[29]

Maggot therapy was common in the United States during the 1930s. All the same, during the second half of the twentieth century, after the introduction of antibiotics, maggot therapy was used only equally a concluding resort for very serious wounds.^[2] Lately maggots have been making a comeback due to the increased resistance of bacteria to antibiotics.^[30]

References [edit]

1. ^ Otranto, Domenico (2001). "The immunology of myiasis: parasite survival and host defense strategies". Trends in Parasitology. 17 (4): 176–182. doi:ten.1016/S1471-4922(00)01943-seven. PMID 11282507.
2. ^ ^{a b c d eastward f one thousand h} John, David; Petri, William, eds. (2006). Markell and Voge's Medical Parasitology (ninth ed.). Missouri: Saunders Elsevier. pp. 328–334. ISBN978-0-7216-4793-7.
3. ^ μυῖα . Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
4. ^ Ockenhouse, Christian F.; Samlaska, Curt P.; Benson, Paul M.; Roberts, Lyman West.; Eliasson, Arn; Malane, Susan; Menich, Mark D. (1990). "Cutaneous myiasis caused by the African tumbu fly (Cordylobia anthropophaga)". Archives of Dermatology. 126 (2): 199–202. doi:10.1001/archderm.1990.01670260069013. PMID 2301958.
5. ^ Namazi MR, Fallahzadeh MK (Nov 2009). "Wound myiasis in a patient with squamous jail cell carcinoma". ScientificWorldJournal. ix: 1192–3. doi:10.1100/tsw.2009.138. PMC5823144. PMID 19882087.
6. ^ "Screwworm flies as agents of wound myiasis". Fao.org. Retrieved 2013-11-05 .
7. ^ El-Azazy, O.M.East. (1989). "Wound myiasis caused past Cochliomyia hominivorax in Libya". Vet. Rec. 124 (four): 103. doi:10.1136/vr.124.iv.103-a. PMID 2929078. S2CID 26982759.
8. ^ Huntington, T. Due east.; Voigt, David W.; Higley, 50. Chiliad. (January 2008). "Not the Usual Suspects: Human Wound Myiasis by Phorids". Journal of Medical Entomology. 45 (1): 157–159. doi:10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[157:NTUSHW]ii.0.CO;2. PMID 18283957.
9. ^ Cleveland Clinic (thirteen August 2010). Current Clinical Medicine: Expert Consult - Online. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 1396–. ISBN978-i-4377-3571-0 . Retrieved 22 Apr 2013.
10. ^ ^{a b c} Lagacé-Wiens, P. R.; et al. (Jan 2008). "Human ophthalmomyiasis interna acquired past Hypoderma tarandi, Northern Canada". Emerging Infectious Diseases. fourteen (1): 64–66. doi:10.3201/eid1401.070163. PMC2600172. PMID 18258079.
11. ^ Hall, M.J.R. (1997). "Traumatic myiasis of sheep in Europe: a review". Parassitologia. 39: 409–413.
12. ^ Peckenscneider, L.Due east., Polorny, C. and Hellwig, C.A., 1952 Intestinal infestation with maggots of the cheese fly (Piophila casei). J Am Med Assoc. 1952 May 17;149 (3):262-3.
13. ^ "Gastrointestinal Myiasis – Report of a instance, Alonzo F. Brand, M.D., Arch Intern Med (Chic). 1931;47(ane):149–154. doi:10.1001/archinte.1931.00140190160017". Athenaeum of Internal Medicine. 47 (ane): 149–154. January 1931. doi:10.1001/archinte.1931.00140190160017. Archived from the original on ix January 2018. Retrieved 17 Feb 2018.
14. ^ Sunder Singh Dogra, Vikram Thousand. Mahajan (2010). "Oral myiasis caused by Musca domestica larvae in a kid". International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology Extra. 5 (3): 105–107. doi:x.1016/j.pedex.2009.05.002. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
15. ^ Aydenizoz, M.; Gokpınar, S. (26 December 2020). "Urogenital (by Psychoda albipennis (Diptera: Nematocera)) and Abdominal Myiasis (by Fannia canicularis (Diptera: Fanniidae)) in Kırıkkale/Turkey: Study Ii Cases". International Journal of Veterinary and Creature Research. 3 (3): 2020–2023. eISSN 2651-3609. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
16. ^ ^{a b} Adisa, Charles Adeyinka; Mbanaso, Augustus (2004). "Furuncular myiasis of the breast acquired past the larvae of the Tumbu fly (Cordylobia anthropophaga)". BMC Surgery. 4: five. doi:10.1186/1471-2482-iv-5. PMC394335. PMID 15113429.
17. ^ ^{a b c} "UOTW #22 - Ultrasound of the Week". Ultrasound of the Week. 14 October 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
18. ^ ^{a b} Janovy, John; Schmidt, Gerald D.; Roberts, Larry S. (1996). Gerald D. Schmidt & Larry S. Roberts' Foundations of parasitology. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown. ISBN0-697-26071-2.
19. ^ Zumpt, Fritz Konrad Ernst (1965). Myiasis in man and animals in the old world. Butterworth.
20. ^ "Standard Operating Procedures - sheep Mulesing". teacher's notes. New South Wales Department of Primary Industries. March 8, 2004. Retrieved 2007-01-09 .
21. ^ "Purple (Dick) School of Veterinarian Studies". Veterinary Tape. 160 (19): 669. 2007-05-12. doi:10.1136/vr.160.19.669-b. ISSN 0042-4900. S2CID 219190547.
22. ^ Loma, Dennis Southward. (1997). The economical importance of insects. Springer. p. 102. ISBN0-412-49800-6.
23. ^ "Introduction to myiasis | Natural History Museum". Nhm.ac.uk. Retrieved 2013-11-05 .
24. ^ ^{a b} Sherman, RA, Hall, MJR, Thomas, S (2000). "Medicinal Maggots: An ancient remedy for some contemporary afflictions". Annual Review of Entomology. 45: 55–81. doi:ten.1146/annurev.ento.45.i.55. PMID 10761570.
25. ^ ^{a b} Greer, Kathleen A. (January–February 2005). "Age-old therapy gets new blessing". Advances in Skin & Wound Care. 18 (i): 12–v. doi:10.1097/00129334-200501000-00003. PMID 15716781.
26. ^ ^{a b} Rubin, Rita (2004-07-07). "Maggots and leeches: Adept medicine". Usatoday.Com. Retrieved 2013-xi-05 .
27. ^ Carlson, Bob (February 2006). "Itch Through the Millennia: Maggots and Leeches Come up Full Circle". Biotechnology Healthcare. three (one): 14–17. PMC3571037. PMID 23424330.
28. ^ "Insurance may shortly cover maggot therapy - Health - Wellness care | NBC News". NBC News. 2008-11-19. Retrieved 2013-11-05 .
29. ^ Baer, William S. (1931). "The treatment of chronic osteomyelitis with the maggot (larva of the blow wing)". Journal of Os and Articulation Surgery. thirteen (3): 438–475.
30. ^ Bonn, Dorothy (30 September 2000). "Maggot therapy: an culling for wound infection". The Lancet. 356 (9236): 1174. doi:ten.1016/S0140-6736(05)72870-1. PMID 11030307. S2CID 27100272.

External links [edit]

• Myiasis, reviewed and published by WikiVet
• Exotic Myiasis, University of Sydney Department of Medical Entomology
• Identification key to species of myiasis-causing wing larvae, Natural History Museum (London)
• Parasitic Insects, Mites and Ticks: Genera of Medical and Veterinary Importance: Botflies

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myiasis

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